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Also known as: Leukocyte Differential Count; Peripheral Differential; WBC Count Differential; Diff
Formal name: White Blood Cell Differential
Summary: White Blood Cell (WBC) Differential Test
Introduction:
The White Blood Cell (WBC) Differential Test, also known as Leukocyte Differential Count or Diff, is part of a Complete Blood Count (CBC). It helps determine the cause of abnormal WBC count results and is used in diagnosing and monitoring illnesses affecting the immune system, such as infections, inflammatory conditions, and certain cancers affecting white blood cells, like leukemia.
White Blood Cells and Differential:
White blood cells, or leukocytes, play a crucial role in the immune system, defending the body against infections, participating in inflammation, and responding to allergies and cancer. The WBC differential identifies and counts the five types of white blood cells: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Each type has distinct functions.
Test Sample:
A blood sample is drawn from a vein, fingerstick (children and adults), or heelstick (infants). No specific preparation is needed.
Common Uses:
The WBC Differential is part of a CBC, ordered during routine health examinations, when CBC results are outside the reference range, or when signs and symptoms suggest conditions affecting white blood cells. It aids in diagnosing:
Interpreting Results:
Results indicate the absolute numbers and/or percentages of each WBC type. Abnormal differentials prompt further testing, such as blood smear, bone marrow biopsy, or immunophenotyping, to detect abnormal/immature cells. A “left shift” indicates an increase in immature cells, often seen in response to infection or inflammation.
Additional Information:
Conclusion:
The WBC Differential is a valuable tool in diagnosing and monitoring conditions affecting the immune system. By identifying and counting different types of white blood cells, it provides insights into infections, inflammatory processes, and various diseases, guiding healthcare professionals in further investigations and appropriate treatments.
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